And Quinine

Quinine is a bitter compound that occurs naturally in the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America. It has been used for centuries as a treatment for malaria. Modern quinine used in food is typically extracted from cinchona bark and purified.

Quinine is primarily used as a flavoring agent in beverages, most notably tonic water. It provides a distinct bitter taste that is often balanced with sweeteners. It is also used in some other bitter-tasting beverages and as a flavor enhancer.

Quinine is permitted by the FDA as a food additive for flavoring purposes. The FDA limits its use to no more than 82 parts per million in beverages. While generally recognized as safe at these low levels, high doses can cause adverse effects like nausea, vomiting, ringing in the ears, and vision problems. JECFA has evaluated quinine and established an acceptable daily intake.