Natural Quinine

Quinine is a bitter compound that occurs naturally in the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America. It is extracted from the bark and can also be produced synthetically. Historically, it was used to prevent and treat malaria.

Quinine is primarily used as a flavoring agent in beverages, most notably tonic water, to give them a bitter taste. It is added in small amounts to provide a distinct flavor profile that is often balanced with sweeteners.

In the U.S., quinine is permitted as a food additive for flavoring purposes. The FDA has established limits on the amount of quinine that can be added to foods and beverages. While generally recognized as safe (GRAS) at low levels used in food, high doses can cause side effects like nausea, vomiting, and ringing in the ears. International bodies like JECFA have evaluated quinine, but no numeric limits are specified. There is ongoing discussion about the potential for adverse effects at higher concentrations.