Titanium Dioxide And Artificial Colors

Titanium dioxide is a white, inorganic compound that comes from minerals found in the earth. Artificial colors are synthetic dyes, which are typically made from petroleum. They are processed to create specific colors for food.

These ingredients are added to foods to make them more visually appealing. Titanium dioxide provides a bright white color or makes products opaque. Artificial colors offer a wide range of hues. They are often found in candies, chewing gum, sodas, and baked goods.

In the US, titanium dioxide is permitted by the FDA as a color additive. JECFA has evaluated titanium dioxide and did not set a numeric limit. However, EFSA concluded in 2021 that it could no longer be considered safe as a food additive, leading to a ban in the European Union in 2022. Artificial colors, such as Red 40, Yellow 5, and Blue 1, are also approved by the FDA as color additives. JECFA has evaluated many artificial colors and set acceptable daily intakes. Some studies suggest a link between certain artificial colors and hyperactivity in some children, though evidence is mixed. The FDA announced in April 2025 a plan to phase out petroleum-based synthetic dyes, including Red 40, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Blue 1, Blue 2, Green 3, Citrus Red 2, and Orange B. Additionally, the FDA revoked Red 3 for food use in January 2025, with manufacturers having until January 2027 to comply.