Pepper

Pepper is a widely used spice derived from the dried berries of the *Piper nigrum* plant. These berries, known as peppercorns, are harvested and processed to produce black, white, or green pepper, which are then typically ground for use.

Manufacturers add pepper primarily for its pungent flavor and aroma. It is a common seasoning in a vast array of savory processed foods, including soups, sauces, snacks, and meat products.

In the United States, pepper is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a food ingredient. JECFA has evaluated piperine, a key component of pepper, and concluded that an acceptable daily intake (ADI) is "not specified," indicating very low toxicity. EFSA has also assessed pepper and its components, finding them safe for use in food at typical consumption levels. There are no notable controversies regarding the safety of pepper when consumed as part of a normal diet.